Comparative Evaluation of PSA, PVSA, and Twin PSA Processes for Biogas Upgrading: The Purity, Recovery, and Energy Consumption Dilemma

The current challenges of commercial cyclic adsorption processes for biogas upgrading are associated with either high energy consumption or low recovery. To address these challenges, this work evaluates the performance of a range of configurations for biogas separations, including pressure swing adsorption (PSA), pressure vacuum swing adsorption (PVSA), and twin double-bed PSA, by dynamic modelling. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis was performed to explore the effect of various operating conditions, including adsorption time, purge-to-feed ratio, biogas feed temperature, and vacuum level, on recovery and energy consumption. It was found that the required energy for a twin double-bed PSA to produce biomethane with 87% purity is 903 kJ/kg CH₄ with 90% recovery, compared to 961 kJ/kg CH₄ and 76% recovery for a PVSA process. With respect to minimum purity requirements, increasing product purity from 95.35 to 99.96% resulted in a 32% increase in energy demand and a 23% drop in recovery, illustrating the degree of loss in process efficiency and the costly trade-off to produce ultra-high-purity biomethane. It was concluded that in processes with moderate vacuum requirements (>0.5 bar), a PVSA should be utilised when a high purity biomethane product is desirable. On the other hand, to minimise CH₄ loss and enhance recovery, a twin double-bed PSA should be employed.