Climate change impact analysis on seasonal drought and landforms using meteorological and remote-sensing-derived indices

Drought is India's foremost concern because of global warming, low precipitation, deforestation, and temperature variation. Madhya Pradesh is the central state of India, where drought risks are gradually recorded as high vulnerability due to low rainfall and water shortage. Drought monitoring indices like the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index and the standardized precipitation index were calculated using NASA climate datasets in Neemuch and Mandsaur, India. Waterbody areas are increased by 247.11 km² due to water demand because many waterbodies are located in dams where water is stored. 1332.26 km² of built-up lands were increased, and 3330.25 km² areas of barren lands decreased from 1990 to 2021. Pre- and post-monsoon Landsat datasets were applied for drought monitoring where 10.03 °C (pre) and 7.41 °C (post) monsoonal temperature was increased. The temperature condition index recorded high drought conditions from 1998 to 2021 in pre-monsoonal time, where around 54% of lands are drought-prone in the 2021 post-monsoonal season. However, the vegetation condition index data observed high drought in both seasons due to low vegetation and precipitation. Drought monitoring is important for novel adaptation strategies, management plans, and awareness that can build appropriate knowledge for managing food scarcity and ecological disturbances using time-consuming and low-cost effects satellite-based spatial analysis.