Chemically modified electrodes for electrochemical detection of dopamine: Challenges and opportunities

Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter, and its maladjustment is responsible for many diseases. Its accurate determination has great significance in medical and behavioral sciences. The electrochemical analysis is the most viable way of dopamine detection, but it is challenging due to similar redox potentials of co-existing and high concentration interfering species in real biological samples. Over the years, many new advancements relying on modified electrodes have been presented to solve this issue, but most of them are limited to proof of concept only. The objective of this review is to spotlight on the approaches that may demonstrate feasibility for mass-scale production and real-life applications. The description of different materials, as well as critical evaluation of their role in electrochemical detection of DA, is provided. The applications, new dimensions, and existing challenges are also discussed.