Changing Carbon Dynamics Under Climate Change and Land Degradation in MENA Region: Prospective of Innovative Management Practices

The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region dominates the global energy system, accounting for 60% of the world’s oil reserves and 45% of its gas deposits. 6% of the world’s population lives in the region, which accounts for 8.7% of global greenhouse gas emissions and 7% of CO₂ emissions. By 2050, climate change will increase the average summer temperature in MENA by 1 to 2°C. Variations in temperature and precipitation render the MENA region especially susceptible to land degradation, food insecurity, and poverty. Countries with lower incomes, like Djibouti, Iraq, and Yemen, are highly vulnerable to climate change compared to wealthier nations such as Israel and Malta. As the global economy recovers post-COVID-19, MENA countries may face pressure to increase oil production and exports to meet rising global demand. MENA oil-producing nations want to increase output by 40% by 2030 and export 50% of their fuel to meet their goals. Consequently, the Middle East faces high risks from global warming, including sea-level rise, droughts, aridity, and heat waves. Unfortunately, the MENA area lacks a policy regarding climate change. Thus, it is essential to investigate the various factors influencing MENA nations’ susceptibility to climate change, as well as to comprehend how effective mitigation techniques may be in reducing climate change susceptibility risk. This chapter will address the MENA region’s vulnerability to climate change and land degradation, emphasizing carbon sequestration and sustainability adaptation. Recommendations include reducing oil and gas consumption by 40–60%, promoting innovative management practices, enhancing soil organic carbon storage, improving data systems, and fostering collaboration among stakeholders. Proactive innovation, technology adoption, conservation efforts, and religious teachings are crucial for sustainable land management. Through these strategies, the MENA region can significantly mitigate climate change effects, ensure ecosystem sustainability, and foster community resilience.