Cellulose-based paper waste in concrete: a critical review of its role as a sustainable additive

The construction industry faces pressing environmental challenges due to the carbon-intensive production of cement and the escalating generation of paper waste. This review critically evaluates the potential of cellulose-rich paper waste, including sludge ash, pulp, and fibers, as a sustainable additive in concrete. It examines incorporation methods and their impacts on mechanical, durability, thermal, and environmental properties. Results indicate that paper waste can enhance tensile strength, improve thermal insulation, and reduce carbon emissions; however, challenges such as material variability, reduced compressive strength at higher dosages, and durability concerns remain. A comparative analysis of conventional supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) reveals synergies and trade-offs. Key research gaps include lifecycle assessments, standardization, and field validation. With targeted research and cross-sector collaboration, cellulose-based paper waste offers significant potential to advance sustainable concrete production and support circular economy principles.