Can Fluid-Substitution Models Continue to Ignore the Complex Physico-Chemical Properties of Crude Oil?

The mechanical nature of fluid-substitution models has always been recognized as a major cause of their limited predictive power. Saturants, for instance, are typically treated as simple fluids characterized only by their densities, viscosities, and moduli of elasticity; their chemistry is just ignored, even when that fluid is crude oil. However, crude oil is a complex mixture of several thousands of organic compounds characterized by a variety of molecular weights, polarities, and polarizabilities, and the response of its rheological behavior to acoustic wave propagation is difficult to predict, especially when it resides inthe pore space of rocks. Here, we report ultrasonic-velocity measurements performed on carbonate core plugs saturated with brine and with a light crude oil that are mechanically similar (i.e., having comparable densities, viscosities, and moduli of elasticity) and that show a significant and consistent excess of hardening when the saturant is oil. Dispersion and wettability are excluded as explanations for the data. We hypothesize that asphaltene aggregation and adsorption, as well as paraffin-wax crystallization (and possibly volumetric expansion), combine to cause crude oil to exhibit a dilatant-like behavior within the pore space of carbonates at ultrasonic frequencies. Roughly speaking, the observed effect would be similar to the hardening of oobleck at high deformation rates. This hypothesis could betested in the future by an adequate combination of high-resolution imaging and microfluidic setups. This and similar studies would be beneficial in developing physical fluid-substitution models with a more consistent predictive power.