Boosting Aeroponic System Development with Plasma and High-Efficiency Tools: AI and IoT—A Review

Sustainable agriculture faces major issues with resource efficiency, nutrient distribution, and plant health. Traditional soil-based and soilless farming systems encounter issues including excessive water use, insufficient nutrient uptake, nitrogen deficiency, and restricted plant development. According to the previous literature, aeroponic systems accelerate plant growth rates, improve root oxygenation, and significantly enhance water use efficiency, particularly when paired with both low- and high-pressure misting systems. However, despite these advantages, they also present certain challenges. A major drawback is the inefficiency of nitrogen fixation, resulting in insufficient nutrient availability and heightened plant stress from uncontrolled misting, which ultimately reduces yield. Many studies have investigated plasma uses in both soil-based and soilless plant cultures; nevertheless, however, its function in aeroponics remains unexplored. Therefore, the present work aims to thoroughly investigate and review the integration of plasma-activated water (PAW) and plasma-activated mist (PAM) in aeroponics systems to solve important problems. A review of the current literature discloses that PAW and PAM expand nitrogen fixation, promote nutrient efficiency, and modulate microbial populations, resulting in elevated crop yields and enhanced plant health, akin to soil-based and other soilless systems. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) produced by plasma treatments improve nutrient bioavailability, root development, and microbial equilibrium, alleviating critical challenges in aeroponics, especially within fine-mist settings. This review further examines artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) in aeroponics. Models driven by AI enable the accurate regulation of fertilizer concentrations, misting cycles, temperature, and humidity, as well as real-time monitoring and predictive analytics. IoT-enabled smart farming systems employ sensors for continuous nutrient monitoring and gas detection (e.g., NO₂, O₃, NH₃), providing automated modifications to enhance aeroponic efficiency. Based on a brief review of the current literature, this study concludes that the future integration of plasma technology with AI and IoT may address the limitations of aeroponics. The integration of plasma technology with intelligent misting and data-driven control systems can enhance aeroponic systems for sustainable and efficient agricultural production. This research supports the existing body of research that advocates for plasma-based innovations and intelligent agricultural solutions in precision farming.