Biomass-based ORR and OER electrocatalysts: methods of synthesis and cell performance

The progress of eco-friendly and sustainable energy systems requires renewable resources such as biomass for electrocatalysts. This review thoroughly examines electrocatalysts derived from biomass for oxygen reduction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reactions (OER), emphasizing synthesis strategies, material characteristics, and electrochemical performance. An analysis is conducted on various thermochemical and catalytic hydrothermal carbonization methods, along with techniques for heteroatom doping and metal oxide incorporation, aimed at transforming biomass into high-value carbon materials. Particular attention is directed towards lignocellulosic and non-lignocellulosic precursors, the significance of hybrid composites, and the most recent developments in microwave-assisted plasma pretreatment. The biomass-derived nanomaterials in energy storage and conversion systems underscore their potential roles in advancing sustainable energy solutions. In conclusion, a thorough review of the structural, morphological, and electrochemical characterization is crucial for enhancing catalyst performance.