Biological methods for fabricating nanomaterial-based metal–organic frameworks

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been vastly investigated due to their stunning properties, like a wide exterior or top area; high porosity and functionality; extraordinary structural elasticity; a small density; and good mechanical, thermal, structural, and chemical stability. Advancement in the fabrication of MOF according to the demand of a diversity of implementations has been accomplished in the past a couple of decades. At present, there is even more interest in developing MOFs and realizing the processes of more controllable, upgraded, and greener formation. This section provides a brief introduction of the formation of MOF till present, implantation of fabrication by the various processes, methods to improve the MOF structure and functionality and porosity, and the method of fabrication of MOF by biological methods. Various synthesis techniques and their suitability are discussed with their examples under various processing environments according to their applications in different fields. Finally, we discuss applications of MOFs in single-atom catalysis with their fabrication techniques and durability.