Barriers to sustainable hydrogen production through renewable energy processes and their environmental impacts

Non-renewable resources of hydrogen (H₂) production are major contributors to air pollution, acid rain, and greenhouse gas emissions, exacerbating environmental degradation. Therefore, the integration of renewable energy sources with of H₂ technologies is crucial due to the pressing need to reduce carbon footprints, embrace cleaner energy alternatives, and accelerate the transition towards a sustainable, eco-friendly future. Solar energy has emerged as a promising source for H₂ production. In addition, wind and geothermal energy resources have also been used to produce H₂. These renewable resources are environmentally friendly, and cost-effective options have played a vital role in reducing carbon emissions. These systems are scalable and versatile, catering to varying demands for H₂ production. However, intermittency, low energy density, and high initial costs are fundamental limitations that need to be addressed for efficient H₂ production. This paper provides an insightful analysis of the environmental impacts of renewable energy technologies, specifically various fuel cells, solar, wind energy, and geothermal. It assesses the ecological footprints, highlighting the advantages and potential drawbacks associated with each technology. The comparative study seeks to not only underscore the environmental benefits of these renewables but also to address the challenges they pose, with a focus on enhancing their sustainability profile. This review paper also provides an insightful issues and challenges of H₂ production through renewable technologies.