Assessing transit-oriented development readiness: a GIS multi-criteria evaluation of Lahore’s orange line corridor

This study examines the Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) potential of stations along the Orange Line metro rail corridor in Lahore, Pakistan, focusing on various metrics such as population density, commercial activity, pedestrian infrastructure, and safety. Utilizing a comprehensive TOD readiness index, we rank the stations’ ability to facilitate TOD development. Applying the Geographic Information System Multi-Criteria Decision-making Analysis approach to calculate the index score for each station, the analysis reveals that top-performing stations, such as Ali Town and Thokar Niaz Baig, exhibit high population and commercial densities, robust pedestrian infrastructure, and diverse land uses, reflecting successful TOD characteristics. In contrast, low-performing stations, including Hanjarwal, Pakistan Mint, and Islam Park, suffer from inadequate pedestrian amenities, low commercial activity, and limited transfers to other routes, contributing to their underutilization. The findings highlight the need for targeted interventions in underperforming areas to enhance walkability, promote mixed-use development, and improve overall transit access. By identifying key indicators influencing TOD readiness, this study offers valuable insights for urban planners and policymakers in developing countries aiming to foster sustainable transport systems and create vibrant, livable urban spaces around new transit systems. Understanding policy levers that enhance the TOD potential of mass transit stations can boost ridership and contribute to the broader goals of urban sustainability and livability.