Assessing the impact of intervention measures in a mathematical model for monkeypox and COVID-19 co-dynamics in a high-risk population

The simultaneous co-occurrence of multiple epidemics could pose a serious challenge for public health. Mathematical models could provide invaluable tool for investigating and understanding the dynamics of diseases co-dynamics. In this paper, the techniques of fractal-fractional calculus are employed to assess the epidemiological impact of intervention measures in a mathematical model for monkeypox and COVID-19 co-dynamics in a high-risk population. The basic features of the model are examined. Conditions for existence, uniqueness and stability of the novel fractal-fractional model are also investigated. Asymptotic properties of the model within the region of infection-free equilibrium are also studied. Sensitivity analyses are also carried out to investigate dominant parameters driving the dynamics of each of the diseases and their co-infection. To verify the accuracy of analytical results, numerical experiments are performed to assess the effect of robust control measures and the impact of fractal dimension/fractional-order on the general co-dynamics of both diseases.