Artificial Intelligence and Geospatial Approaches Advancing Environmental and Marine Science

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and geographic information systems (GIS) is transforming environmental and marine research by enabling advanced analytics, predictive modeling, and spatially informed decision-making. This review synthesizes 168 peer-reviewed studies to assess how AI-GIS integration enhances applications across terrestrial and aquatic domains, including climate modeling, biodiversity monitoring, pollution detection, ocean forecasting, and species tracking. Case studies from coral reef assessments to urban air-quality prediction demonstrate the operational value of these combined technologies. Persistent challenges such as data quality, computational demand, and limited model transparency remain barriers to widespread adoption. Future priorities emphasize open-access platforms, explainable and real-time AI systems, and cross-disciplinary training. By consolidating existing knowledge and identifying research frontiers, this review establishes a framework for leveraging AI-GIS integration toward sustainable environmental and marine management.