Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (Glomus macrocarpum) and ZnO Nanoparticles Synergistically Improved the Growth of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) and Decreased Cadmium Uptake in Cd Contaminated Soil

This study aims to evaluate the potential of Glomus macrocarpum and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, both individually and synergistically, in mitigating cadmium (Cd) uptake and alleviating its toxicity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The research investigates how these treatments impact wheat growth and biochemical parameters under Cd stress. Wheat plants were cultivated in pots under various treatments involving Glomus macrocarpum, ZnO nanoparticles, and Cd exposure. The study measured plant growth parameters (height, fresh weight, dry weight), chlorophyll content, proline content, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Additionally, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content, and Cd concentration in roots and shoots were analyzed. Individual applications of Glomus macrocarpum and ZnO nanoparticles enhanced wheat growth and biochemical responses, while reducing Cd uptake. The combined treatment resulted in significant improvements: a 25.51% increase in plant height, a 30.80% increase in fresh weight, and a 52.26% and 58.96% reduction in Cd concentrations in roots and shoots, respectively. Additionally, chlorophyll content, proline content, and antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly enhanced. The synergistic interaction between Glomus macrocarpum and ZnO nanoparticles proves to be an effective and eco-friendly strategy for improving plant growth and reducing Cd toxicity in contaminated soils, offering a promising solution for remediating Cd-polluted environments.