Applications of Remote Sensing Technologies to Assess Ground Displacements and Seismic Hazards: Precision, Scale, and Insight

Remote sensing (RS) has emerged as a transformative tool in geotechnical earthquake engineering, enabling large-scale, high-resolution assessment of ground displacements and failure mechanisms. This review critically examines recent advancements in RS technologies including Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), and Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry. Each method is reviewed in terms of its application to seismic hazard assessment and ground displacement monitoring. The paper highlights the integration of RS techniques in generating 3D digital elevation models, measuring multi-axis displacements, and supporting post-disaster reconnaissance. A case study on the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake in Türkiye showcases the power of multi-platform remote sensing in mapping over 3600 coseismic landslides and analyzing their spatial relationship with geological and seismic parameters. Despite substantial progress, critical gaps remain in sensor integration, real-time processing, and predictive modeling. This review emphasizes the need for AI-driven, multi-sensor frameworks and standardized workflows to move from observational insights to operational impact. By bridging geotechnical science with RS innovation, this interdisciplinary approach offers a robust pathway toward resilient infrastructure and disaster-ready communities in seismic regions.