Applications of nanomaterials in miniaturized extraction techniques

Nanomaterials have attracted great research activity in almost all areas of separation science due to their fascinating chemical and physical properties (e.g., size, surface area, mechanical and chemical stability, and magnetism). These materials have been widely adopted in sample preparation as a solid or stationary phase prior to chromatographic analysis. A growing trend has been observed in their applications in miniaturized extraction techniques because of their large surface areas, ease of functionalization, and excellent affinity towards certain classes of target analytes. In this chapter, we cover applications of nanomaterials in three famous miniaturized solid-phase extraction approaches, namely, porous membrane protected micro-solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, and dispersive solid-phase microextraction.