Applications of MOFs as adsorbents in water purification: Progress, challenges and outlook

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as novel fabulous materials for applications in numerous fields including water purification. Owing to their exceptional physicochemical characteristics such as high surface area, large porosity with tunable pore properties, presence of abundant active sites and ease of functionalization, MOFs have been employed extensively in water treatment for the removal of numerous pollutants from water. This article provides an overview of the applications of MOF-based adsorbents for the removal of various pollutants such as heavy metals, dyes, pharmaceuticals, and nutrients from the water. The interaction mechanism between the pollutants and MOF structures is described in detail. The current status of research, gaps, and major challenges are also highlighted. Finally, recommendations for future research are made to ensure the effective applications of MOFs in water purification.