Application of magnetic nanoparticles in demulsification: A review on synthesis, performance, recyclability, and challenges

The quest for effective demulsification materials is growing rapidly in the recent times. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are an attractive alternative of commercial demulsifiers mainly due to their recyclability and high surface area. Herein, the application of magnetic nanoparticles as demulsifying agents is reviewed. This review covers their synthesis and particularly focusses on how different factors impact the demulsification performance of MNPs. The dosage, pH, salinity, hydrophilicity, and shape of MNPs are key factors in designing a successful demulsifier. Regeneration and recyclability of MNPs after demulsification activity are discussed in detail. Likewise, the challenges associated with the usage of MNPs in the demulsification of emulsions are highlighted with recommendations. This review will serve as a quick means to compare recent literature on the various types of MNPs that have been applied for the demulsification activities. It is envisaged that the MNPs would be relevant in the petroleum and petrochemical industries for swift water removal from crude oil emulsions.