Annual Thermal Management of the Photovoltaic Module to Enhance Electrical Power and Efficiency Using Heat Batteries

Several studies state that phase change material (PCM) improves the electrical power and efficiency of the photovoltaic (PV) module. To find the suitable PCM for tropical climatic conditions, multi-PCMs are examined simultaneously with melting temperatures of 31 °C, 35 °C, 37 °C, and 42 °C. In this study, PCM containers are integrated behind the PV module with a thickness of 50 mm. The performance of the multi PV-PCMs is monitored year-round and compared with PV-noPCM. The experimental results show that the selected four PCMs performed the cooling process autonomously in all the climates, such as PCM with a melting temperature of 37 °C and 42 °C enhanced the higher cooling rate in summer, and the same PCMs failed to achieve a higher cooling rate in winter. The lowest temperature drop was noted for pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons due to the low irradiance. On the other hand, the highest temperature drop of 16.33 °C is observed for pre-summer (March) and 15.7 °C, and 17.14 °C for summer (April) as compared to PV-noPCM. The results of the present investigation highlight the requirement for choosing the proper PCM melting temperature based on optimal year-round performance. Further, it is recommended that a single PCM melting temperature for cooling the PV modules year-round in tropical climates is inappropriate, and instead, a cascaded structure with different PCM melting temperatures is recommended.