Analytical solutions using special trans functions theory for current–voltage expressions of perovskite solar cells and their approximate equivalent circuits

Perovskite solar cells (PSC) have been recognized as devices with a constant increase in power conversion efficiency, confirming this promising technology's upward trend. This paper deals with the mathematical modeling of current voltage and inverse voltage-current relationships of PSCs, in which standard equivalent circuits, as well as approximate equivalent circuits where series or parallel resistance is neglected, are investigated. Analytical solutions for voltage-current and current–voltage dependencies are derived for all investigated circuits. Furthermore, analytical solutions for short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage are derived. All nonlinear formulations of these dependencies are solved by applying special trans function theory. This paper proposes an enhanced algorithm called the Chaotic African Vultures Optimization Algorithm (Ch-AVOA) for PSC's parameter estimation. The proposed algorithm is compared with other algorithms in terms of the convergence speed to the global solution and other statistical test measures to validate the algorithm's efficiency.