An overview of sensors and sensing materials for heavy metals in aqueous environments

This paper offers a critical overview of recent advancements in aqueous sensors for heavy metals. The paper focuses on the challenges and advantages of using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors in aqueous environments, as well as technical considerations for choosing appropriate polymeric sensing materials. In addition, general considerations and recommendations are included for developing MEMS chemical sensors. These considerations centre around the chemical nature of the target analyte and the environment of the sensor application. By following these recommendations and taking the time to design a suitable sensor and sensing material for the target application instead of a trial-and-error approach, it is possible to save both time and cost.