An overview of biological processes and their potential for CO₂ capture

The extensive amount of available information on global warming suggests that this issue has become prevalent worldwide. Majority of countries have issued laws and policies in response to this concern by requiring their industrial sectors to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, such as CO₂. Thus, introducing new and more effective treatment methods, such as biological techniques, is crucial to control the emission of greenhouse gases. Many studies have demonstrated CO₂ fixation using photo-bioreactors and raceway ponds, but a comprehensive review is yet to be published on biological CO₂ fixation. A comprehensive review of CO₂ fixation through biological process is presented in this paper as biological processes are ideal to control both organic and inorganic pollutants. This process can also cover the classification of methods, functional mechanisms, designs, and their operational parameters, which are crucial for efficient CO₂ fixation. This review also suggests the bio-trickling filter process as an appropriate approach in CO₂ fixation to assist in creating a pollution-free environment. Finally, this paper introduces optimum designs, growth rate models, and CO₂ fixation of microalgae, functions, and operations in biological CO₂ fixation.