An IoT-Based Smart Wheelchair with EEG Control and Vital Sign Monitoring †

This study introduces an innovative smart wheelchair designed to improve mobility and health monitoring for individuals with disabilities. Overcoming the limitations of traditional wheelchairs, this smart wheelchair integrates a tri-wheel mechanism, enabling smooth navigation across various terrains, including stairs, thus providing greater autonomy and flexibility. The wheelchair is equipped with two smart Internet of Things (IoT)-based subsystems for control and vital sign monitoring. Besides a joystick, the wheelchair features an electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain–computer interface (BCI) for hands-free control. Utilizing support vector machine (SVM) algorithms has proven effective in classifying EEG signals. This feature is especially beneficial for users with severe physical disabilities, allowing them to navigate more independently. In addition, the smart wheelchair has comprehensive health monitoring capabilities, continuously tracking vital signs such as heart rate, blood oxygen levels (SpO₂), and electrocardiogram (ECG) data. The system implements an SVM algorithm to recognize premature ventricular contractions (PVC) from ECG data. These metrics are transmitted to healthcare providers through a secure IoT platform, allowing for real-time monitoring and timely interventions. In the event of an emergency, the system is programmed to automatically send alerts, including the patient’s location, to caregivers and authorized relatives. This innovation is a step forward in developing assistive technologies that support independent living and proactive health management in smart cities.