An exploration of the latest developments, obstacles, and potential future pathways for climate-smart agriculture

Global climate change presents major challenges to agricultural production, the most significant this century being mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and achieving food security. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is a conceptual framework that offers potential solutions to these multifaceted problems. Sustainable agriculture can be achieved by implementing strategies aimed at enhancing adaptation, reducing GHG emissions, and safeguarding national food security. However, there has been limited critical examination of the advances made in CSA within emerging and developed nations. This study provides a timely, informative, and comprehensive review of the academic literature, collating recent advances, challenges, and potential future directions of CSA. It identifies and analyzes a range of pertinent issues and obstacles, and offers policy recommendations to foster cooperation and drive forward the objectives of CSA. Future development of CSA is expected to focus on leveraging advanced internet technologies to enhance agricultural data security, optimize cropping patterns, and improve management techniques. This will encompass the integration of precision farming and genetic enhancement technologies to boost crop yields in the face of changing climatic conditions.