An Experimental Setup to Study Electron Transport and Thermalization in Cryogenic Para-Hydrogen Crystal Matrices

Piergiorgio Antonini; Massimo Benettoni; Armando F. Borghesani; Caterina Braggio; Roberto Calabrese; Giovanni Carugno; Federico Chiossi; Ugo Gasparini; Franco Gonella; Marco Guarise; Alen Khanbekyan; Alessandro Lippi; Augusto Lombardi; Emilio Mariotti; Madiha M. Makhdoom; Giuseppe Messineo; Jacopo Pazzini; Giuseppe Ruoso; Luca Tomassetti; Marco Zanetti

doi:10.3390/instruments9030016

An Experimental Setup to Study Electron Transport and Thermalization in Cryogenic Para-Hydrogen Crystal Matrices

Piergiorgio Antonini
, Massimo Benettoni
, Armando F. Borghesani
, Caterina Braggio
, Roberto Calabrese
, Giovanni Carugno
, Federico Chiossi
, Ugo Gasparini
, Franco Gonella
, Marco Guarise
, Alen Khanbekyan
, Alessandro Lippi
, Augusto Lombardi
, Emilio Mariotti
, Madiha M. Makhdoom
, Giuseppe Messineo^*
, Jacopo Pazzini
, Giuseppe Ruoso
, Luca Tomassetti
, Marco Zanetti

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

1 Scopus citations

Abstract

We present an experimental apparatus to investigate electron transport and thermalization in cryogenic para-hydrogen crystal matrices. This paper describes the techniques used to grow and characterize the cryogenic para-hydrogen crystals, the optical system employed to photoextract electrons, and the charge collection system used to study the behavior of electrons within the solid matrix. By probing the fundamental charge transport and energy loss processes in a quantum solid, such as para-hydrogen, this study paves the way for future precision experiments that leverage the unique properties of cryogenic crystal matrices.

Original language	English
Article number	16
Journal	Instruments
Volume	9
Issue number	3
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments9030016
State	Published - Sep 2025
Externally published	Yes

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2025 by the authors.

Keywords

cryogenic crystals
electron thermalization length
matrix isolation
para-hydrogen

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Instrumentation

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10.3390/instruments9030016

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Antonini, P., Benettoni, M., Borghesani, A. F., Braggio, C., Calabrese, R., Carugno, G., Chiossi, F., Gasparini, U., Gonella, F., Guarise, M., Khanbekyan, A., Lippi, A., Lombardi, A., Mariotti, E., Makhdoom, M. M., Messineo, G., Pazzini, J., Ruoso, G., Tomassetti, L., & Zanetti, M. (2025). An Experimental Setup to Study Electron Transport and Thermalization in Cryogenic Para-Hydrogen Crystal Matrices. Instruments, 9(3), Article 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments9030016

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title = "An Experimental Setup to Study Electron Transport and Thermalization in Cryogenic Para-Hydrogen Crystal Matrices",

abstract = "We present an experimental apparatus to investigate electron transport and thermalization in cryogenic para-hydrogen crystal matrices. This paper describes the techniques used to grow and characterize the cryogenic para-hydrogen crystals, the optical system employed to photoextract electrons, and the charge collection system used to study the behavior of electrons within the solid matrix. By probing the fundamental charge transport and energy loss processes in a quantum solid, such as para-hydrogen, this study paves the way for future precision experiments that leverage the unique properties of cryogenic crystal matrices.",

keywords = "cryogenic crystals, electron thermalization length, matrix isolation, para-hydrogen",

author = "Piergiorgio Antonini and Massimo Benettoni and Borghesani, \{Armando F.\} and Caterina Braggio and Roberto Calabrese and Giovanni Carugno and Federico Chiossi and Ugo Gasparini and Franco Gonella and Marco Guarise and Alen Khanbekyan and Alessandro Lippi and Augusto Lombardi and Emilio Mariotti and Makhdoom, \{Madiha M.\} and Giuseppe Messineo and Jacopo Pazzini and Giuseppe Ruoso and Luca Tomassetti and Marco Zanetti",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2025 by the authors.",

year = "2025",

month = sep,

doi = "10.3390/instruments9030016",

language = "English",

volume = "9",

journal = "Instruments",

issn = "2410-390X",

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Antonini, P, Benettoni, M, Borghesani, AF, Braggio, C, Calabrese, R, Carugno, G, Chiossi, F, Gasparini, U, Gonella, F, Guarise, M, Khanbekyan, A, Lippi, A, Lombardi, A, Mariotti, E, Makhdoom, MM, Messineo, G, Pazzini, J, Ruoso, G, Tomassetti, L & Zanetti, M 2025, 'An Experimental Setup to Study Electron Transport and Thermalization in Cryogenic Para-Hydrogen Crystal Matrices', Instruments, vol. 9, no. 3, 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments9030016

TY - JOUR

T1 - An Experimental Setup to Study Electron Transport and Thermalization in Cryogenic Para-Hydrogen Crystal Matrices

AU - Antonini, Piergiorgio

AU - Benettoni, Massimo

AU - Borghesani, Armando F.

AU - Braggio, Caterina

AU - Calabrese, Roberto

AU - Carugno, Giovanni

AU - Chiossi, Federico

AU - Gasparini, Ugo

AU - Gonella, Franco

AU - Guarise, Marco

AU - Khanbekyan, Alen

AU - Lippi, Alessandro

AU - Lombardi, Augusto

AU - Mariotti, Emilio

AU - Makhdoom, Madiha M.

AU - Messineo, Giuseppe

AU - Pazzini, Jacopo

AU - Ruoso, Giuseppe

AU - Tomassetti, Luca

AU - Zanetti, Marco

PY - 2025/9

Y1 - 2025/9

N2 - We present an experimental apparatus to investigate electron transport and thermalization in cryogenic para-hydrogen crystal matrices. This paper describes the techniques used to grow and characterize the cryogenic para-hydrogen crystals, the optical system employed to photoextract electrons, and the charge collection system used to study the behavior of electrons within the solid matrix. By probing the fundamental charge transport and energy loss processes in a quantum solid, such as para-hydrogen, this study paves the way for future precision experiments that leverage the unique properties of cryogenic crystal matrices.

AB - We present an experimental apparatus to investigate electron transport and thermalization in cryogenic para-hydrogen crystal matrices. This paper describes the techniques used to grow and characterize the cryogenic para-hydrogen crystals, the optical system employed to photoextract electrons, and the charge collection system used to study the behavior of electrons within the solid matrix. By probing the fundamental charge transport and energy loss processes in a quantum solid, such as para-hydrogen, this study paves the way for future precision experiments that leverage the unique properties of cryogenic crystal matrices.

KW - cryogenic crystals

KW - electron thermalization length

KW - matrix isolation

KW - para-hydrogen

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105017388779

U2 - 10.3390/instruments9030016

DO - 10.3390/instruments9030016

M3 - Article

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SN - 2410-390X

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JO - Instruments

JF - Instruments

IS - 3

M1 - 16

ER -

An Experimental Setup to Study Electron Transport and Thermalization in Cryogenic Para-Hydrogen Crystal Matrices

Abstract

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Keywords

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