Ameliorating frequency regulation based on double stage FOPI-(1 + TDN) for hybrid maritime microgrid system

Big cruise ships travel for months in the sea, requiring electrical power to meet their needs. The reliability of maritime ships depends abundantly on renewable energy resources (RERs), and one of their reasons is to curtail greenhouse gas emissions through reduced reliance on conventional sources in marine power networks. Consequently, advanced control methods are necessary to address the intermittent characteristics of RESs. This article proposes a methodology for load frequency control in an independent system. This paper presents an efficient control scheme for the frequency control of a maritime shipboard, which is suited for its low inertia and intermittent power penetration into the shipboard microgrid system. We present a two-stage cascaded design with fractional order proportional integral (FOPI) control and one plus tilt derivative (1 + TDN) controller to counter the frequency fluctuations in the microgrid system. This keeps the frequency constant in the face of different factors like renewable energy penetration, load variation, and uncertainty. The FOPI-1 + TDN is optimized using the jellyfish search optimizer (JSO) algorithm, which has demonstrated efficient results in tuning the proposed controller's parameters. In the last evaluation, the performance of the FOPI-(1 + TDN) for a maritime hybrid microgrid (MHM) demonstrated efficient results when compared to other recently applied control techniques. The proposed controller has shown frequency regulation ability in a time of 1.5 sec, 1.7 sec, and 2.9 sec for different load-changing conditions.