Advancing photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) systems: Innovative cooling technique, thermal management, and future prospects

Photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems serve a dual purpose by simultaneously generating electricity and thermal energy from solar radiation. However, their efficiency is hindered by excessive heat accumulation, reducing overall performance. This review explores advanced cooling strategies aimed at enhancing PV/T efficiency, encompassing both passive and active methods. Various techniques (such as air and liquid cooling, phase change materials (PCM), heat pipes, and hybrid approaches) are analyzed for their effectiveness in thermal regulation and energy optimization. The study delves into PV/T system fundamentals, thermal characteristics, and strategies for improving performance. It highlights recent advancements in hybrid cooling technologies, including the integration of nanofluids, fins, and PCM, and assesses their impact on system efficiency. Additionally, a comprehensive evaluation of life-cycle costs, feasibility, and existing challenges is provided, along with future perspectives on optimizing PV/T systems. By consolidating the latest innovations in PV/T cooling, this review offers valuable insights into strategies for improving system efficiency and expanding applications in sustainable energy. It highlights the importance of continued research and development to enhance performance and reduce costs, facilitating broader adoption of PV/T technology for global energy solutions.