Advancing carbon dioxide mineralization for long-term carbon storage: Opportunities, challenges, and strategic recommendations

The need for reliable and permanent storage solutions has increased due to the growing urgency of climate change, primarily caused by carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. In addition to traditional carbon capture and storage (CCS), CO₂ mineralization provides an unmatched means of locking carbon into stable carbonates. With a focus on geological compatibility, reaction routes, and the accelerating effect of chemical additives such as chelating agents, surfactants, organic acids, and enzymes, this research objectively assesses the potential for mineralization in reactive mafic and ultramafic rocks. Instrumental techniques were highlighted to enable the characterization of dissolution and carbonation processes. This work examines key challenges and introduces new approaches to overcome them. Looking forward, it will be essential to combine chemical enhancement with field-scale demonstrations, optimize reaction conditions, and connect mineralization to industrial decarbonization chains. This review paper establishes CO₂ mineralization as a key component for attaining long-term carbon neutrality by describing both recent developments and strategic priorities.