Advances in fluorescent probes for hydrogen sulfide detection: Applications in food safety, environmental monitoring, and biological systems

Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless, toxic gas recognized for its characteristic foul odor, often compared to that of rotten eggs. It is produced both endogenously through metabolic reactions and exogenously from various environmental sources. It is widely acknowledged for its detrimental effects on human health, especially when inhaled in large quantities. Recent research has begun to highlight its potential beneficial roles, particularly in biochemistry and medicine. Fluorescent probes have emerged as a significant advancement in chemical sensing, offering critical capabilities for detecting hydrogen sulfide in environmental, industrial, and biological contexts. This review comprehensively examines several types of fluorescent probes designed for detecting hydrogen sulfide. These include Rhodamine-based, Fluorescein-based, BODIPY, Coumarin-based, and Cyanine probes, each playing a crucial role in hydrogen sulfide detection. The review discusses the structural characteristics of probes, their detection mechanisms, and the advantages they offer in various applications. Additionally, the study explores the practical use of probes in diverse fields such as environmental monitoring, biological systems, and food preservation. A particular focus is on the physiological roles of hydrogen sulfide, including its contributions to neuroprotection, vascular health, cardiac function, and inflammation regulation. Furthermore, the review investigates the potential therapeutic applications of hydrogen sulfide detection, especially concerning gastrointestinal tract functions and metabolic processes. It concludes by addressing current challenges in this research area and proposing future directions to enhance hydrogen sulfide fluorescent probe technology.