Advancements in Polymeric Membranes: Fabrication Techniques and Innovative Solutions for Enhanced Performance in Reverse Osmosis

Reverse osmosis (RO) membrane processes are extensively used for water recovery, recycling, and production of high-quality water for reuse, aiding industries in meeting regulatory standards and improving overall water efficiency. However, RO membranes encounter challenges such as chemical and biological fouling, which reduce performance, and damage from chemicals like active chlorine exposure, particularly to the polyamide layer. Thin film composite (TFC) membranes are designed for high water permeability, salt rejection, and resistance to temperature, pressure, and fouling. Sustainable developments show promising reductions in the environmental and economic costs of RO processes. Bio-inspired membranes, such as those modeled after aquaporins, represent key advancements in selectivity and efficiency. This review highlights innovations in RO membranes, particularly polymeric materials, fabrication techniques, and strategies to address performance challenges, offering insights into the future of RO technology in meeting global water demands.