Acinetobacter schindleri SR-5–1 decipher morpho-physio-biochemical and nutritional improvements to Pisum sativum L. and Linum usitatissimum L. maintained under wastewater/cadmium stress

Metal retention in wastewater fertigated crops poses a potential hazard to food chain. Current work demonstrates the bioremediation and growth-promoting potential of Acinetobacter schindleri SR-5–1 by using nitrogen-fixing (pea) and non-nitrogen fixing (linseed) plants under cadmium (Cd) and wastewater irrigation regimes. Both plants were grown at 250 or 500 CdCl₂ and 75 or 100% wastewater, each separately with and without A. schindleri SR-5–1 inoculation. The results revealed that Cd and wastewater significantly decreased growth, biomass, antioxidants, and nutrient acquisition through increased malondialdehyde, H₂O₂, and Cd accumulation. However, application of A. schindleri SR-5–1 significantly promoted morpho-physio-biochemical attributes while diminishing MDA and H₂O₂ under applied Cd and wastewater stress levels in both pea and linseed. Further, PGPR inoculation positively influenced pea and linseed seedlings through a substantial decline in Cd accumulation in roots/shoots and retained the optimal level of essential nutrients. It was inferred that both pea and linseed, with A. schindleri SR-5–1 application, exhibited higher growth and metabolism under Cd and wastewater stress but substantial tolerance was acquired under wastewater stress. Studied plants exhibited tolerance in order of 75% WW ≥ 250 µM Cd ≥ 100%WW ≥ 500 µM Cd treatment under A. schindleri inoculation. Current findings revealed the potential of A. schindleri to be exploited both for bioremediation and bio-fertilization under Cd, and wastewater-polluted regimes to reduce metal contamination of edible plants. It was suggested that with inoculation of A. schindleri SR-5–1, 75% WW dilution can be applied for irrigation of both nitrogen-fixing and non-nitrogen-fixing crops.