A systematic review on recent advances of metal–organic frameworks-based nanomaterials for electrochemical energy storage and conversion

The progress of environment friendly and cost-effective energy storage and conversion technologies to combat pollution and the impending energy problem has recently attracted the attention of the energy research society. The fabrication of materials to accumulate charge or expedite mass and electron transference in energy storage and transformation fields is imperative. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been extensively utilized as worthy precursors for the production of carbon resources, metal–metal composites, and their combinations with variable and governable nanoscale structures and elemental configurations for electrochemical energy applications through evolving crystal-like mesoporous organic and inorganic hybrid constituents have been reported. However, the poor electrical conductivity and constricted nanopores of MOFs have been highlighted. Henceforth, MOF combinations, where MOFs are linked with a diversity of efficient components, have been found to alleviate the drawbacks of distinct modules. 0D nanomaterials, like quantum dots, 1D nanomaterials, like nanotubes, 2D nanolayered materials, and 3D nanostructured materials could be combined with MOFs to develop numerous MOF composites. In this review, we described several synthesis procedures of MOF compounds, with a special focus on the expansion of MOF based materials for several electrochemical energy storing and transformation submissions, such as, lithium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, supercapacitors, water splitting, oxygen reduction reaction, CO₂ reduction reaction, N₂ reduction reaction, and photovoltaic cells. The organizational and compositional strategies of MOF derivative nanomaterials were comprehensively reviewed in order to provide inspiration and advice for imminent improvement of metal–organic frameworks-based nanomaterials for the electrochemical energy applications.