A robust coordinated virtual rotor and load frequency control strategy based on ADRC-IR controller for frequency stability of low-inertia microgrids under cyber-attack conditions

The extensive integration of renewable energy resources (RERs) into modern power grids (MPGs), which severely lowers system inertia, standing severe frequency variations. These grids are vulnerable to cyber- attacks and natural uncertainties, creating a crucial need for resilient control schemes. This article introduces a novel resilience-coordinated scheme for interconnected MPGs. The scheme integrates Accelerating Virtual Rotor Control (AVRC) with Load Frequency Control (LFC), both governed by a modified Active Disturbance Rejection Controller (ADRC-IR). To optimize this controller's performance, a modified Horned Lizard Optimization Algorithm (MHLOA) is developed, enhancing its global search capabilities and convergence. MHLOA effectiveness is confirmed using a standard benchmark function. The ADRC-IR controller significantly reduces frequency and tie-line power deviations in the LFC system by 87.07%, 83.82%, and 76.54% respectively, compared to the TID, ADRC, and ADRC-PR controllers under high RESs penetration. Furthermore, the proposed AVRC/I & LFC strategy relied on ADRC-IR, which improves MPGs performance by 62.37%, 35.86%, and 30.22% when compared to (i) MPGs without AVRC/I, (ii) MPGs with LFC & AVRC/I, and (iii) MPGs with LFC & AVRC/I relied on a PI controller under high RESs penetration and cyber-attacks. The proposed scheme effectively preserves frequency stability within acceptable boundaries, demonstrating its resilience against MPGs challenges.