A review on CO₂ mineralization in saline aquifers: Advances, challenges, and future prospects for sustainable carbon sequestration

Mineralization of carbon dioxide in deep saline aquifers is an attractive potential means of permanent carbon sequestration in geologic formations. In this review, the basic principles, mechanisms, and current development of both in situ and ex situ mineralization have been explored with an emphasis on the importance of reservoir mineralogy, brine chemistry, and thermodynamic conditions in determining the characteristics of the reaction kinetics and formation of carbonates. Long-term storage security is guaranteed by the conversion of CO₂ into stable carbonate minerals, which makes mineralization one of the main climate change mitigation strategies. Nevertheless, a few obstacles must be overcome before deployment on a larger scale is achieved. These factors include the necessarily low kinetics at reservoir conditions, geological variations, complexity of operation, and the expensive nature of infrastructure and monitoring. Innovations in catalyst-aided reactions, geochemical modeling, and real-time monitoring technologies may be promising in terms of enhancing efficiency and reliability. Future initiatives should also be aimed at elaborating unified regulatory schemes, megapilot trials, and the promotion of social awareness and acceptance. As interdisciplinary studies, policies, and technologies continue to advance and develop, CO₂ mineralization has the potential to go beyond being a niche remedy to become an essential part of a global carbon balance system that can help achieve long-term emission reduction and meet international climate targets.