A Review of Experimental Approaches to CO₂ Injectivity in Geological Storage: Methods, Controlling Factors, and Challenges

This review explores the multifaceted aspects of carbon dioxide (CO₂) injectivity for geological storage in saline aquifers and depleted oil/gas reservoirs, emphasizing the significance of injectivity and its evaluation while also exploring the challenges and potential. The primary objective of this review paper is to outline the various experimental techniques employed to assess CO₂ injectivity, such as core flooding, microfluidic techniques, micro-CT, and resistivity measurements. Moving forward, the paper explores an array of factors influencing CO₂ injectivity, encompassing phenomena like salt and halite precipitation, dry-out effects, fines migration, and the complex interactions within the CO₂/brine/rock system. The influence of injection conditions is also considered, emphasizing brine concentration, injection flow rate, temperature, and strategies to enhance injectivity. Finally, it discusses the challenges encountered in CO₂ injection and future directions.