A review and analysis of the safety labeling of lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries are known to present significant safety risks, particularly in terms of fire hazards and explosions. In 2023, there were approximately 2500 reported incidents involving fires and explosions, resulting in around 100 fatalities and 800 injuries. Warning labels (or marking) of these batteries are essential to ensure safe handling, operation, and disposal, thereby mitigating potential safety risks and preventing accidents. This paper examines the labeling practices of over 200 lithium-ion cells from 20 manufacturers and 6 countries and reviews changes in warning labeling from 2003 to 2023. The paper then reviews current labeling practices and standards and concludes by offering recommendations for improvements.