A Planning Model for Distributed Resources and Hydrogen System Considering Network’s Enhancement

This research develops a comprehensive planning model that integrates various distributed energy resources (DERs) to supply the load in a distribution network (DN) at optimal minimum costs. The DERs include renewable energy resources (RESs) such as photovoltaic systems (PV) and wind turbines (WT), thermal generators (TG), and battery energy storage systems (BESS). Moreover, hydrogen systems comprising components such as electrolyzers (ED), fuel cells (FC), and hydrogen storage (HS) are considered. Additionally, the DN is assumed to be grid-connected, allowing the distribution system operator (DSO) to buy the required electrical energy from the grid at hourly market prices. Moreover, the DN enhancement is also considered an option for the DSO. The main objective is to develop an optimization model that determines the optimal sizing and location of the DERs along with the selected lines to be upgraded, aiming to meet the load at the optimal minimum cost while maintaining DN constraints. The proposed model has been tested on a modified IEEE-38 bus radial DN. Various case studies and sensitivity analyses were implemented to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed model.