A modified rao‐2 algorithm for optimal power flow incorporating renewable energy sources

In this paper, a modified Rao‐2 (MRao‐2) algorithm is proposed to solve the problem of optimal power flow (OPF) in a power system incorporating renewable energy sources (RES). Quasi-oppositional and Levy flight methods are used to improve the performance of the Rao algorithm. To demonstrate effectiveness of the MRao‐2 technique, it is tested on two standard test systems: an IEEE 30‐bus system and an IEEE 118‐bus system. The objective function of the OPF is the minimi-zation of fuel cost in five scenarios. The IEEE 30‐bus system reflects fuel cost minimization in three scenarios (without RES, with RES, and with RES under contingency state), while the IEEE 118‐bus system reflects fuel cost minimization in two scenarios (without RES and with RES). The achieved results of various scenarios using the suggested MRao‐2 technique are compared with those ob-tained using five recent techniques: Atom Search Optimization (ASO), Turbulent Flow of Water-based Optimization (TFWO), Marine Predators Algorithm (MPA), Rao‐1, Rao‐3 algorithms, as well as the conventional Rao‐2 algorithm. Those comparisons confirm the superiority of the MRao‐2 technique over those other algorithms in solving the OPF problem.