A Context-Aware Fuzzy Logic Framework for Adaptive Multi-Factor Authentication

Riad Makhoul; Abdallah Moubayed; Nouh Alhindawi

doi:10.1109/ICSMILE69273.2026.11519238

A Context-Aware Fuzzy Logic Framework for Adaptive Multi-Factor Authentication

Riad Makhoul^*
, Abdallah Moubayed
, Nouh Alhindawi

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

Abstract

In the face of an increasingly complex cyber threat landscape, ensuring secure access to systems and data has become paramount. Multi-factor authentication (MFA) has emerged as a widely adopted approach. Although traditional MFA mechanisms strengthen defenses compared to single-factor systems, they are often based on rigid, binary decision models that lack the flexibility to adapt to contextual nuances or user behavior. This paper proposes a fuzzy logic-based framework for enhancing MFA, aiming to improve both security and user experience by incorporating a context-aware, adaptive trust evaluation model. Our approach fuses fingerprint confidence, geolocation distance, and device familiarity into a single trust score. Experimental results show that the proposed Fuzzy-MFA achieves an FAR of 0.52±0.03% and an FRR of 3.7±0.3%, outperforming other baseline models.

Original language	English
Title of host publication	2026 International Conference on Smart Multidomain Integrated Learning Environments, ICSMILE 2026
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
ISBN (Electronic)	9798331582333
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSMILE69273.2026.11519238
State	Published - 2026
Event	2026 International Conference on Smart Multidomain Integrated Learning Environments, ICSMILE 2026 - Irbid, Jordan Duration: 30 Mar 2026 → 31 Mar 2026

Publication series

Name	2026 International Conference on Smart Multidomain Integrated Learning Environments, ICSMILE 2026

Conference

Conference	2026 International Conference on Smart Multidomain Integrated Learning Environments, ICSMILE 2026
Country/Territory	Jordan
City	Irbid
Period	30/03/26 → 31/03/26

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2026 IEEE.

Keywords

Context-Aware Systems
Cybersecurity
Fuzzy Logic
Multi-Factor Authentication
Trust Evaluation

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Artificial Intelligence
Computer Science Applications
Information Systems

Access to Document

10.1109/ICSMILE69273.2026.11519238

Cite this

Makhoul, R., Moubayed, A., & Alhindawi, N. (2026). A Context-Aware Fuzzy Logic Framework for Adaptive Multi-Factor Authentication. In 2026 International Conference on Smart Multidomain Integrated Learning Environments, ICSMILE 2026 (2026 International Conference on Smart Multidomain Integrated Learning Environments, ICSMILE 2026). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSMILE69273.2026.11519238

Makhoul, Riad ; Moubayed, Abdallah ; Alhindawi, Nouh. / A Context-Aware Fuzzy Logic Framework for Adaptive Multi-Factor Authentication. 2026 International Conference on Smart Multidomain Integrated Learning Environments, ICSMILE 2026. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2026. (2026 International Conference on Smart Multidomain Integrated Learning Environments, ICSMILE 2026).

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title = "A Context-Aware Fuzzy Logic Framework for Adaptive Multi-Factor Authentication",

abstract = "In the face of an increasingly complex cyber threat landscape, ensuring secure access to systems and data has become paramount. Multi-factor authentication (MFA) has emerged as a widely adopted approach. Although traditional MFA mechanisms strengthen defenses compared to single-factor systems, they are often based on rigid, binary decision models that lack the flexibility to adapt to contextual nuances or user behavior. This paper proposes a fuzzy logic-based framework for enhancing MFA, aiming to improve both security and user experience by incorporating a context-aware, adaptive trust evaluation model. Our approach fuses fingerprint confidence, geolocation distance, and device familiarity into a single trust score. Experimental results show that the proposed Fuzzy-MFA achieves an FAR of 0.52±0.03\% and an FRR of 3.7±0.3\%, outperforming other baseline models.",

keywords = "Context-Aware Systems, Cybersecurity, Fuzzy Logic, Multi-Factor Authentication, Trust Evaluation",

author = "Riad Makhoul and Abdallah Moubayed and Nouh Alhindawi",

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year = "2026",

doi = "10.1109/ICSMILE69273.2026.11519238",

language = "English",

series = "2026 International Conference on Smart Multidomain Integrated Learning Environments, ICSMILE 2026",

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Makhoul, R, Moubayed, A & Alhindawi, N 2026, A Context-Aware Fuzzy Logic Framework for Adaptive Multi-Factor Authentication. in 2026 International Conference on Smart Multidomain Integrated Learning Environments, ICSMILE 2026. 2026 International Conference on Smart Multidomain Integrated Learning Environments, ICSMILE 2026, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2026 International Conference on Smart Multidomain Integrated Learning Environments, ICSMILE 2026, Irbid, Jordan, 30/03/26. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSMILE69273.2026.11519238

A Context-Aware Fuzzy Logic Framework for Adaptive Multi-Factor Authentication. / Makhoul, Riad; Moubayed, Abdallah; Alhindawi, Nouh.
2026 International Conference on Smart Multidomain Integrated Learning Environments, ICSMILE 2026. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2026. (2026 International Conference on Smart Multidomain Integrated Learning Environments, ICSMILE 2026).

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

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AU - Moubayed, Abdallah

AU - Alhindawi, Nouh

PY - 2026

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N2 - In the face of an increasingly complex cyber threat landscape, ensuring secure access to systems and data has become paramount. Multi-factor authentication (MFA) has emerged as a widely adopted approach. Although traditional MFA mechanisms strengthen defenses compared to single-factor systems, they are often based on rigid, binary decision models that lack the flexibility to adapt to contextual nuances or user behavior. This paper proposes a fuzzy logic-based framework for enhancing MFA, aiming to improve both security and user experience by incorporating a context-aware, adaptive trust evaluation model. Our approach fuses fingerprint confidence, geolocation distance, and device familiarity into a single trust score. Experimental results show that the proposed Fuzzy-MFA achieves an FAR of 0.52±0.03% and an FRR of 3.7±0.3%, outperforming other baseline models.

AB - In the face of an increasingly complex cyber threat landscape, ensuring secure access to systems and data has become paramount. Multi-factor authentication (MFA) has emerged as a widely adopted approach. Although traditional MFA mechanisms strengthen defenses compared to single-factor systems, they are often based on rigid, binary decision models that lack the flexibility to adapt to contextual nuances or user behavior. This paper proposes a fuzzy logic-based framework for enhancing MFA, aiming to improve both security and user experience by incorporating a context-aware, adaptive trust evaluation model. Our approach fuses fingerprint confidence, geolocation distance, and device familiarity into a single trust score. Experimental results show that the proposed Fuzzy-MFA achieves an FAR of 0.52±0.03% and an FRR of 3.7±0.3%, outperforming other baseline models.

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Makhoul R, Moubayed A, Alhindawi N. A Context-Aware Fuzzy Logic Framework for Adaptive Multi-Factor Authentication. In 2026 International Conference on Smart Multidomain Integrated Learning Environments, ICSMILE 2026. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. 2026. (2026 International Conference on Smart Multidomain Integrated Learning Environments, ICSMILE 2026). doi: 10.1109/ICSMILE69273.2026.11519238

A Context-Aware Fuzzy Logic Framework for Adaptive Multi-Factor Authentication

Abstract

Publication series

Conference

Bibliographical note

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Access to Document

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Cite this