A comprehensive review of Vehicle-to-Grid V2G technology: Technical, economic, regulatory, and social perspectives

The transition from internal combustion engine vehicles to electric transportation marks a significant step forward in both energy consumption and mobility sustainability. A key development supporting this shift is the integration of electric vehicles with power infrastructure in a way that allows energy to flow in both directions. Vehicles can store surplus electricity and return it to the grid when needed. This approach transforms electric vehicles into mobile energy resources, enhancing grid flexibility and improving supply–demand balance, particularly during peak load periods. This review outlines the operational foundations of this technology, with emphasis on energy management systems and bidirectional power converters that enable efficient control. It also addresses the strategic planning of charging infrastructure to ensure both accessibility and effective energy distribution. Furthermore, the paper highlights how recent innovations in artificial intelligence and smart technologies support real-time monitoring and adaptive control, ultimately improving system responsiveness and performance. This work contributes to the ongoing effort toward developing intelligent, sustainable energy systems.