A comprehensive review of green hydrogen-based hybrid energy systems: Technologies, evaluation, and process safety

The reliability and sustainability of multi-energy networks are increasingly critical in addressing modern energy demands and environmental concerns. Hydrogen-based hybrid energy systems can mitigate the challenges of renewable energy utilization, such as intermittency, grid stability, and energy storage, by integrating hydrogen generation and electricity storage from renewable sources such as solar and wind. Therefore, this review offers a comprehensive evaluation of the environmental, economic, and technological aspects of green hydrogen-based hybrid energy systems, particularly highlighting improvements in terms of the economics of fuel cell and electrolysis procedures. It also highlights new approaches, such as hybrid energy management strategies and power-to-gas (PtG) conversion, to enhance the system's dependability and resilience. Analyzing the role of green hydrogen-based hybrid energy systems in supporting global climate goals and improving energy security underscores their high potential to make a significant contribution to carbon-neutral energy networks and provide policymakers with useful recommendations for developing guidelines. In addition, the social aspect of hydrogen systems, like energy equity and community engagement towards a hydrogen-based society, provides reasons for the continued development of next-generation energy systems.