A comprehensive overview of vehicle to everything (V2X) technology for sustainable EV adoption

The adoption of electric vehicles as a potential solution to the increasing energy crisis and environmental concerns has been on the rise. The development of smart grid concepts has further amplified the role of electric vehicles through the incorporation of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) technology. V2X is a comprehensive term that encompasses the use of electric vehicle batteries to derive additional value during non-use times. Bi-directional charging is employed to generate revenue from the battery asset to provide benefits to the electric grid, reduce energy consumption of buildings and homes, or provide backup power to loads. This paper presents an overview of the current state-of-the-art V2X operation of electric vehicles. It commences by discussing V2X frameworks such as vehicle-to-grid (V2G), vehicle-to-home (V2H), vehicle-to-building (V2B), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-load (V2L), and vehicle-for-grid (V4G). Additionally, the infrastructure of V2X is analyzed with respect to control modes, power flow, types of charging systems, charging/discharging strategies, and the role of aggregator and IoT in the V2X system. Various standards and operational strategies for V2X are also examined. Moreover, this paper explores the crucial role of power electronics in ensuring reliable V2X operations and cyber-physical systems. The increasing penetration of renewables and the role of V2X in utilizing these resources efficiently are also studied. The global representative V2X projects that have already been implemented or are in the current phase are discussed. Finally, the challenges and barriers to the implementation of V2X are detailed, and future perspectives and policy recommendations are provided to make full use of this technology for a sustainable future.