A comparative study on cure kinetics of layered double hydroxide (Ldh)/epoxy nanocomposites

Zohre Karami; Seyed Mohammad Reza Paran; Vijayan P. Poornima; Mohammad Reza Ganjali; Maryam Jouyandeh; Amin Esmaeili; Sajjad Habibzadeh; Florian J. Stadler; Mohammad Reza Saeb

doi:10.3390/jcs4030111

A comparative study on cure kinetics of layered double hydroxide (Ldh)/epoxy nanocomposites

Zohre Karami, Seyed Mohammad Reza Paran, Vijayan P. Poornima^*, Mohammad Reza Ganjali, Maryam Jouyandeh, Amin Esmaeili, Sajjad Habibzadeh, Florian J. Stadler, Mohammad Reza Saeb^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

14 Scopus citations

Abstract

Layered double hydroxide (LDH) minerals are promising candidates for developing polymer nanocomposites and the exchange of intercalating anions and metal ions in the LDH structure considerably affects their ultimate properties. Despite the fact that the synthesis of various kinds of LDHs has been the subject of numerous studies, the cure kinetics of LDH-based thermoset polymer composites has rarely been investigated. Herein, binary and ternary structures, including [Mg_0.75 Al_0.25 (OH)₂]^0.25+ [(CO²⁻₃ )_0.25/2·m H₂O]^0.25−, [Mg_0.75 Al_0.25 (OH)₂]^0.25+ [(NO⁻₃ )_0.25·m H₂O]^0.25− and [Mg_0.64 Zn_0.11 Al_0.25 (OH)₂]^0.25+ [(CO²⁻₃ )_0.25/2·m H₂O]^0.25−, have been incorporated into epoxy to study the cure kinetics of the resulting nanocomposites by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Both integral and differential isoconversional methods serve to study the non-isothermal curing reactions of epoxy nanocomposites. The effects of carbonate and nitrate ions as intercalating agents on the cure kinetics are also discussed. The activation energy of cure (Eα) was calculated based on the Friedman and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) methods for epoxy/LDH nanocomposites. The order of autocatalytic reaction (m) for the epoxy/Mg-Al-NO₃ (0.30 and 0.254 calculated by the Friedman and KAS methods, respectively) was smaller than that of the neat epoxy, which suggested a shift of the curing mechanism from an autocatalytic to noncatalytic reaction. Moreover, a higher frequency factor for the aforementioned nanocomposite suggests that the incorporation of Mg-Al-NO₃ in the epoxy composite improved the curability of the epoxy. The results elucidate that the intercalating anions and the metal constituent of LDH significantly govern the cure kinetics of epoxy by the participation of nitrate anions in the epoxide ring-opening reaction.

Original language	English
Article number	111
Journal	Journal of Composites Science
Volume	4
Issue number	3
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4030111
State	Published - 2020
Externally published	Yes

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Keywords

Cure kinetics
Epoxy
Isoconversional model
Layered double hydroxide
Mg-Al

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Ceramics and Composites
Engineering (miscellaneous)

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10.3390/jcs4030111

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@article{6ae161a0c57e47aba1996b43f5f46e82,

title = "A comparative study on cure kinetics of layered double hydroxide (Ldh)/epoxy nanocomposites",

abstract = "Layered double hydroxide (LDH) minerals are promising candidates for developing polymer nanocomposites and the exchange of intercalating anions and metal ions in the LDH structure considerably affects their ultimate properties. Despite the fact that the synthesis of various kinds of LDHs has been the subject of numerous studies, the cure kinetics of LDH-based thermoset polymer composites has rarely been investigated. Herein, binary and ternary structures, including [Mg0.75 Al0.25 (OH)2]0.25+ [(CO2−3 )0.25/2·m H2O]0.25−, [Mg0.75 Al0.25 (OH)2]0.25+ [(NO−3 )0.25·m H2O]0.25− and [Mg0.64 Zn0.11 Al0.25 (OH)2]0.25+ [(CO2−3 )0.25/2·m H2O]0.25−, have been incorporated into epoxy to study the cure kinetics of the resulting nanocomposites by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Both integral and differential isoconversional methods serve to study the non-isothermal curing reactions of epoxy nanocomposites. The effects of carbonate and nitrate ions as intercalating agents on the cure kinetics are also discussed. The activation energy of cure (Eα) was calculated based on the Friedman and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) methods for epoxy/LDH nanocomposites. The order of autocatalytic reaction (m) for the epoxy/Mg-Al-NO3 (0.30 and 0.254 calculated by the Friedman and KAS methods, respectively) was smaller than that of the neat epoxy, which suggested a shift of the curing mechanism from an autocatalytic to noncatalytic reaction. Moreover, a higher frequency factor for the aforementioned nanocomposite suggests that the incorporation of Mg-Al-NO3 in the epoxy composite improved the curability of the epoxy. The results elucidate that the intercalating anions and the metal constituent of LDH significantly govern the cure kinetics of epoxy by the participation of nitrate anions in the epoxide ring-opening reaction.",

keywords = "Cure kinetics, Epoxy, Isoconversional model, Layered double hydroxide, Mg-Al",

author = "Zohre Karami and Paran, \{Seyed Mohammad Reza\} and Poornima, \{Vijayan P.\} and Ganjali, \{Mohammad Reza\} and Maryam Jouyandeh and Amin Esmaeili and Sajjad Habibzadeh and Stadler, \{Florian J.\} and Saeb, \{Mohammad Reza\}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.",

year = "2020",

doi = "10.3390/jcs4030111",

language = "English",

volume = "4",

journal = "Journal of Composites Science",

issn = "2504-477X",

publisher = "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)",

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T1 - A comparative study on cure kinetics of layered double hydroxide (Ldh)/epoxy nanocomposites

AU - Karami, Zohre

AU - Paran, Seyed Mohammad Reza

AU - Poornima, Vijayan P.

AU - Ganjali, Mohammad Reza

AU - Jouyandeh, Maryam

AU - Esmaeili, Amin

AU - Habibzadeh, Sajjad

AU - Stadler, Florian J.

AU - Saeb, Mohammad Reza

PY - 2020

Y1 - 2020

N2 - Layered double hydroxide (LDH) minerals are promising candidates for developing polymer nanocomposites and the exchange of intercalating anions and metal ions in the LDH structure considerably affects their ultimate properties. Despite the fact that the synthesis of various kinds of LDHs has been the subject of numerous studies, the cure kinetics of LDH-based thermoset polymer composites has rarely been investigated. Herein, binary and ternary structures, including [Mg0.75 Al0.25 (OH)2]0.25+ [(CO2−3 )0.25/2·m H2O]0.25−, [Mg0.75 Al0.25 (OH)2]0.25+ [(NO−3 )0.25·m H2O]0.25− and [Mg0.64 Zn0.11 Al0.25 (OH)2]0.25+ [(CO2−3 )0.25/2·m H2O]0.25−, have been incorporated into epoxy to study the cure kinetics of the resulting nanocomposites by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Both integral and differential isoconversional methods serve to study the non-isothermal curing reactions of epoxy nanocomposites. The effects of carbonate and nitrate ions as intercalating agents on the cure kinetics are also discussed. The activation energy of cure (Eα) was calculated based on the Friedman and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) methods for epoxy/LDH nanocomposites. The order of autocatalytic reaction (m) for the epoxy/Mg-Al-NO3 (0.30 and 0.254 calculated by the Friedman and KAS methods, respectively) was smaller than that of the neat epoxy, which suggested a shift of the curing mechanism from an autocatalytic to noncatalytic reaction. Moreover, a higher frequency factor for the aforementioned nanocomposite suggests that the incorporation of Mg-Al-NO3 in the epoxy composite improved the curability of the epoxy. The results elucidate that the intercalating anions and the metal constituent of LDH significantly govern the cure kinetics of epoxy by the participation of nitrate anions in the epoxide ring-opening reaction.

AB - Layered double hydroxide (LDH) minerals are promising candidates for developing polymer nanocomposites and the exchange of intercalating anions and metal ions in the LDH structure considerably affects their ultimate properties. Despite the fact that the synthesis of various kinds of LDHs has been the subject of numerous studies, the cure kinetics of LDH-based thermoset polymer composites has rarely been investigated. Herein, binary and ternary structures, including [Mg0.75 Al0.25 (OH)2]0.25+ [(CO2−3 )0.25/2·m H2O]0.25−, [Mg0.75 Al0.25 (OH)2]0.25+ [(NO−3 )0.25·m H2O]0.25− and [Mg0.64 Zn0.11 Al0.25 (OH)2]0.25+ [(CO2−3 )0.25/2·m H2O]0.25−, have been incorporated into epoxy to study the cure kinetics of the resulting nanocomposites by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Both integral and differential isoconversional methods serve to study the non-isothermal curing reactions of epoxy nanocomposites. The effects of carbonate and nitrate ions as intercalating agents on the cure kinetics are also discussed. The activation energy of cure (Eα) was calculated based on the Friedman and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) methods for epoxy/LDH nanocomposites. The order of autocatalytic reaction (m) for the epoxy/Mg-Al-NO3 (0.30 and 0.254 calculated by the Friedman and KAS methods, respectively) was smaller than that of the neat epoxy, which suggested a shift of the curing mechanism from an autocatalytic to noncatalytic reaction. Moreover, a higher frequency factor for the aforementioned nanocomposite suggests that the incorporation of Mg-Al-NO3 in the epoxy composite improved the curability of the epoxy. The results elucidate that the intercalating anions and the metal constituent of LDH significantly govern the cure kinetics of epoxy by the participation of nitrate anions in the epoxide ring-opening reaction.

KW - Cure kinetics

KW - Epoxy

KW - Isoconversional model

KW - Layered double hydroxide

KW - Mg-Al

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85095746343

U2 - 10.3390/jcs4030111

DO - 10.3390/jcs4030111

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85095746343

SN - 2504-477X

VL - 4

JO - Journal of Composites Science

JF - Journal of Composites Science

IS - 3

M1 - 111

ER -

A comparative study on cure kinetics of layered double hydroxide (Ldh)/epoxy nanocomposites

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

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