A Blockchain-Enabled Zero-Trust Security Architecture for Securing Internet of Energy Systems

The Internet of Energy (IoE), a convergence of IoT technologies and modern energy infrastructures, enables real-time optimisation of energy generation, distribution, and consumption. However, this integration introduces severe cybersecurity risks due to the proliferation of resource-constrained, geographically dispersed, and often unsecured edge devices. To address these challenges, we propose Trustless-IoE, a blockchain-enabled Zero Trust security architecture designed to protect IoE systems against cyber threats. Trustless-IoE enforces continuous authentication, granular access control, and real-time behavioural monitoring across all layers of the energy network, ranging from smart meters and substations to cloud-based energy management systems. The model integrates blockchain for decentralised identity management and immutable auditing, and leverages AI for dynamic risk scoring and anomaly detection. Through digital twin-based simulations of IoE environments, we demonstrate the scalability, resilience, and adaptability of Trustless-IoE in detecting and mitigating complex cyberattack scenarios. Our results prove the model’s potential to serve as a foundational architecture for securing next-generation smart energy systems.