A 3D smoothed particle hydrodynamics method with reactive flow model for the simulation of ANFO

ANFO (ammonium nitrate/fuel oil) is a widely used bulk industrial explosive mixture that is considered to be highly "non-ideal" with long reaction zones, low detonation energies, and large failure diameters. Thus, its detonation poses great challenge for accurate numerical modeling. Herein, we present a numerical model to simulate ANFO based on improved smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method, which is a mesh-free Lagrangian method performing well in simulating situations consist of moving interface and large deformation, as happened in high-velocity impact and explosion. The improved three-dimensional SPH method incorporated with JWL++ model is used to simulate the detonation of ANFO. Good agreement is observed between simulation and experiment, which indicates that the proposed method performs well in prediction of behavior of ANFO.