9E/3S assessment of a novel hybrid heat storage material incorporated inside a hemispherical distiller with an external condenser

Unprecedentedly, this study aimed to enhance hemispherical distiller performance by utilizing a hybrid heat storage material of black sand and paraffin wax beneath the basin, in addition to mixing saline water with black sand, both with and without a condenser. Moreover, a complete 9E/3S investigation, including 9E (Energy, Exergy, Economic, Energo-Economic, Exergo-Economic, Energo-Environmental, Exergo-Environmental, Energo-Enviro-Economic, and Exergo-Enviro-Economic) and 3S (Sustainability, Sensitivity, and Statistical) evaluations, has been provided for all cases. The finding revealed that in terms of energy and potable water outcomes, the hemispherical solar distiller modified using black sand mixed with the saline water and black sand with paraffin wax under the basin of the distillers was the best one. Its yearly energy output, yearly potable water amount, energy efficiency, and the amount of CO₂ mitigated based on energy and its earned credits were 1365.02 kWh, 408.5 L, 58.43 %, 32.76 tons of CO₂, and 475.03$, respectively. Additionally, based on exergy, economic, and sustainability outcomes, the distiller modified with the same heat storage materials, but without the condenser, revealed the highest values. The yearly exergy output, potable water price, exergy efficiency, energo-economic factor, exergo-economic factor, the amount of CO₂ mitigated based on exergy and its earned credit, waste exergy ratio, environmental effect factor, improvement potential, and sustainability index of this distiller were found to be 68.41 kWh, 0.0513 $/L, 3.16 % (∼127.34 % enhancement), 64.91 kWh/$, 3.78 kWh/$, 32.76 tons of CO₂, 475.03$, 0.968, 0.306, 2030.6 kWh, and1.033, respectively.