Interdisciplinary Research Center for Intelligent Secure Systems

Research output

Research output per year 1991 2015 2018 2019 2020 2022 2023 2024 2025

• 15425 Citations
• 56 h-index
• 764 Article
• 380 Conference contribution
• 38 Conference article
• 35 Review article
• 124 More
  • 33 Patent
  • 30 Editorial
  • 23 Paper
  • 19 Chapter
  • 11 Comment/debate
  • 4 Book
  • 3 Foreword/postscript
  • 1 Short survey

Research output per year

Research output per year

Search results

• 2025

  Lightweight Intrusion Detection for IoT Systems Using Artificial Neural Networks

  Saleh, R. A. A., Al-Awami, L., Ghaleb, M. & Abudaqa, A. A., 2025, Security and Privacy in Communication Networks - 19th EAI International Conference, SecureComm 2023, Proceedings. Duan, H., Debbabi, M., de Carné de Carnavalet, X., Luo, X., Au, M. H. A. & Du, X. (eds.). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, p. 45-59 15 p. (Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, LNICST; vol. 568 LNICST).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

  • Intrusion Detection System 100%
  • Intrusion Detection 100%
  • Neural Network 100%
  • Internet-Of-Things 50%
  • Security Attack 16%

• Prompting large language models for user simulation in task-oriented dialogue systems

  Algherairy, A. & Ahmed, M., Jan 2025, In: Computer Speech and Language. 89, 101697.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Simulators 100%
  • Tasks 100%
  • Success Rate 27%
  • Magnetic Hard Disk 20%
  • Comparable Result 9%

• What goes wrong during phishing education? A probe into a game-based assessment with unfavorable results

  Yasin, A., Fatima, R., Wen, L., JiangBin, Z. & Niazi, M., Jan 2025, In: Entertainment Computing. 52, 100815.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Design Model 100%
  • Engineering 100%
  • Dependent Variable 100%
  • Game-Based Assessment 100%
  • Choice Question 50%
  1 Scopus citations
• 2024

  4th International Workshop on Software Security: Challenges, Opportunities, and Lessons Learned

  Mahmood, S., Alshayeb, M. & Niazi, M., 18 Jun 2024, In: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. p. xxxiv

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Editorial

• Accelerating memory and I/O intensive HPC applications using hardware compression

  AlSaleh, S., Elrabaa, M. E. S., El-Maleh, A., Daud, K., Hroub, A., Mudawar, M. & Tonellot, T., Nov 2024, In: Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing. 193, 104955.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Input/Output 100%
  • High Performance Computing Application 100%
  • Power Consumption 50%
  • Application Data 50%
  • Lossy Compression 50%

• Access authentication via blockchain in space information network

  Arshad, M., Jianwei, L., Khalid, M., Khalid, W., Cao, Y. & Khan, F. A., Mar 2024, In: PLoS ONE. 19, 3 March, e0291236.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Information Network 100%
  • Blockchain 100%
  • Access Authentication 100%
  • Authentication 42%
  • User 42%

• A Comparative Study of Automated Refactoring Tools

  Alharbi, M. & Alshayeb, M., 2024, (Accepted/In press) In: IEEE Access. p. 1 1 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Refactoring 100%
  • Automated Refactorings 100%
  • Qualitative Feature 25%
  • Research Worker 25%
  • Refactoring Process 12%

• A comprehensive review on advancements and optimization strategies in dye-sensitized solar cells: Components, characterization, stability and efficiency enhancement

  Nur Iman, R., Younas, M., Harrabi, K. & Mekki, A., Jul 2024, In: Inorganic Chemistry Communication. 165, 112488.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

  • Comprehensive Review 100%
  • Solar Energy 100%
  • Optimization Strategy 100%
  • Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 100%
  • Carbon Dioxide 100%
  2 Scopus citations

• A Conceptual Framework for Quantum Integration Challenges in 6G Technology

  Rafi, S., Akbar, M. A. & Mahmood, S., 16 Jul 2024, QSE-NE 2024 - Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Workshop on Quantum Software Engineering: The Next Evolution, Co-located with: ESEC/FSE 2024. Khan, A. A., Akbar, M. A. & Liang, P. (eds.). Association for Computing Machinery, Inc, p. 19-26 8 p. (QSE-NE 2024 - Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Workshop on Quantum Software Engineering: The Next Evolution, Co-located with: ESEC/FSE 2024).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

  • Quantum Computing 100%
  • Key Application 20%
  • Enhance Understanding 20%
  • Application Area 20%

• Active Learning for Single-Stage Object Detection in UAV Images

  Yamani, A., Alyami, A., Luqman, H., Ghanem, B. & Giancola, S., 3 Jan 2024, Proceedings - 2024 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, WACV 2024. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., p. 1849-1858 10 p. (Proceedings - 2024 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, WACV 2024).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

  • Unmanned Aerial Vehicle 100%
  • Object Detection 100%
  • Active Learning 100%
  • Pilotless Aircraft 100%
  • Object Detector 50%
  2 Scopus citations

• A drone-based logistics network for blood supplies: a genetic algorithm based on greedy search

  Saleh, H., Sayad, M., Almoghathawi, Y., Alghazi, A. & Al-Shareef, K., 2024, (Accepted/In press) In: Soft Computing.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Drone 100%
  • Genetic Algorithm 100%
  • Logistics Network 100%
  • Vascularization 100%
  • Linear Programming Problem 50%

• Advancements in deep learning for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis: A comprehensive exploration and critical analysis of neuroimaging approaches

  Khan, F. A., Khan, A., Imran, M., Ahmad, A. & Jeon, G., 2024, (Accepted/In press) In: Expert Systems.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Alzheimer's Disease 100%
  • Neuroimaging 100%
  • YOLOv5 100%
  • Disease Classification 100%
  • Baseline Architecture 50%

• Advancing database security: a comprehensive systematic mapping study of potential challenges

  Iqbal, A., Khan, S. U., Niazi, M., Humayun, M., Sama, N. U., Khan, A. A. & Ahmad, A., Oct 2024, In: Wireless Networks. 30, 7, p. 6399-6426 28 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Systematic Mapping Study 100%
  • Database Security 100%
  • Database 100%
  • Attack 33%
  • Database Systems 16%

• A facile method for patterned assembly of nanoparticles using SAM-guided solvent dewetting

  Rao, S. G., 1 Oct 2024, In: Results in Surfaces and Interfaces. 17, 100326.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Nanoparticle Based Device 100%

• Agile meets quantum: a novel genetic algorithm model for predicting the success of quantum software development project

  Khan, A. A., Akbar, M. A., Lahtinen, V., Paavola, M., Niazi, M., Alatawi, M. N. & Alotaibi, S. D., May 2024, In: Automated Software Engineering. 31, 1, 34.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Genetic Algorithm 100%
  • Development Project 100%
  • Naive Bayes Classifier 50%
  • Expert Opinion 25%
  • Success Rate 25%

• A Lightweight Intrusion Detection System Using Convolutional Neural Network and Long Short-Term Memory in Fog Computing

  Alzahrani, H., Sheltami, T., Barnawi, A., Imam, M. & Yaser, A., 2024, In: Computers, Materials and Continua. 80, 3, p. 4703-4728 26 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Convolutional Neural Network 100%
  • Long Short-Term Memory Network 100%
  • Intrusion Detection System 100%
  • Fog Computing 100%
  • False Alarm Rate 42%

• Aligning Academic with Industrial Needs: Investigating DevOps Teaching Practices

  Rafi, S., Akbar, M. A. & Mahmood, S., 18 Jun 2024, Proceedings of 2024 28th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering, EASE 2024. Association for Computing Machinery, p. 516-519 4 p. (ACM International Conference Proceeding Series).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

  • DevOps 100%
  • Teaching Practice 100%
  • Software Engineering 20%
  • software engineering course 20%
  • Best Practice 10%

• A Machine Learning Approach for Classifying the Default Bug Severity Level

  Aburakhia, A. & Alshayeb, M., Sep 2024, In: Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 49, 9, p. 13131-13148 18 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Bug Tracking System 100%
  1 Scopus citations

• An AutoML-based security defender for industrial control systems

  Vasan, D., Alqahtani, E. J. S., Hammoudeh, M. & Ahmed, A. F., Dec 2024, In: International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection. 47, 100718.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Industrial Control System 100%
  • Automated Machine Learning 100%
  • Cybersecurity 12%
  • Machine Learning Technique 12%
  • System Security 12%

• An efficient sequential consistency implementation with dynamic race detection for GPUs

  Tabbakh, A. & Annavaram, M., May 2024, In: Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing. 187, 104836.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Detection 100%
  • Sequential Consistency 100%
  • Memory Model 80%
  • Multiprocessors 40%
  • Memory Operation 40%
  1 Scopus citations

• An empirical evaluation of stacked generalization models for binary bug report classification

  Alraddadi, R. & Alshayeb, M., 2024, (Accepted/In press) In: Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Matthews Correlation Coefficient 100%

• An empirical investigation of the relationship between pattern grime and code smells

  Alharbi, M. & Alshayeb, M., Sep 2024, In: Journal of software: Evolution and Process. 36, 9, e2666.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Software Quality 100%
  • Open Source Project 100%
  • Maintenance Effort 100%
  • Design Practice 100%
  • apriori algorithm 100%

• An Empirical Investigation of the Security Weaknesses in Open-Source Projects

  Al-Shammare, H., Al-Otaiby, N., Al-Otabi, M. & Alshayeb, M., 18 Jun 2024, Proceedings of 2024 28th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering, EASE 2024. Association for Computing Machinery, p. 634-642 9 p. (ACM International Conference Proceeding Series).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

  • Code Reuse 100%

• An interpretable neural network for robustly determining the location and number of cluster centers

  Xie, X., Pu, Y. F., Zhang, H., Mańdziuk, J., El-Alfy, E. S. M. & Wang, J., Apr 2024, In: International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics. 15, 4, p. 1473-1501 29 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Neural Network 100%
  • Information Representation 33%
  • Interpretability 16%
  • Synthetic Datasets 16%
  • Clustering Result 16%

• An LLM-based Approach to Recover Traceability Links between Security Requirements and Goal Models

  Hassine, J., 18 Jun 2024, Proceedings of 2024 28th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering, EASE 2024. Association for Computing Machinery, p. 643-651 9 p. (ACM International Conference Proceeding Series).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

  • Large Language Model 100%

• A Novel Low-Energy Memristor with Coexisting Synaptic and Neuronal Behaviours

  Xu, J., Guo, Z., Harrabi, K., Wang, Z., Li, Y. & Zhou, F., 2024, 2024 IEEE International Conference on IC Design and Technology, ICICDT 2024. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., (2024 IEEE International Conference on IC Design and Technology, ICICDT 2024).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

  • Indium Tin Oxide 100%
  • Memristor 100%
  • Neuromorphic System 100%
  • Term Depression 25%
  • Term Potentiation 25%

• A Novel Optimized Vibration-based Energy Harvester for Leak Detection in Wall-mounted Water Pipelines

  Mysorewala, M. F., Virk, M. U. R. A., Syed, M. N., Saif, A. W., Cheded, L., Shafiq, S. & Sattar, K., 2024, (Accepted/In press) In: Water Resources Management.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Harvester 100%
  • Sensor Node 100%
  • Water Pipeline 100%
  • Leak Detection 100%
  • Nodes 75%

• A novel voting ensemble model empowered by metaheuristic feature selection for accurate flash flood susceptibility mapping

  A. Saleh, R., Al-Areeq, A. M., Al Aghbari, A. A., Ghaleb, M., Benaafi, M., Al‑Areeq, N. M. & M. Al-Ramadan, B., 2024, In: Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk. 15, 1, 2360000.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Feature Extraction 100%
  • Search Algorithm 100%
  • Flash Flood 100%
  • Feature Space 50%
  • Selection Algorithm 25%
  3 Scopus citations

• A review of dialogue systems: current trends and future directions

  Algherairy, A. & Ahmed, M., Apr 2024, In: Neural Computing and Applications. 36, 12, p. 6325-6351 27 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

  • Research 100%
  • Dialogue 100%
  • Dialogue systems 100%
  • Analytical Method 100%
  • Dataset 50%
  5 Scopus citations

• A rule-based approach for the identification of quality improvement opportunities in GRL models

  Mohammed, M. A., Alshayeb, M. & Hassine, J., Sep 2024, In: Software Quality Journal. 32, 3, p. 1007-1037 31 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Software Development 100%
  • Modelers 100%
  • Industrial Setting 100%
  • Evaluation Models 100%
  • Subsequent Stage 100%

• A Scenario-Based Approach to the Implementation of Refueling Stations in Drone-Based non-Emergency of Blood Supply Transportation

  Saleh, H., Sayad, M., Alghazi, A. & Almoghathawi, Y., 2024, (Accepted/In press) In: Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Drone 100%
  • Linear Programming 100%
  • Blood Group 50%
  • Ambulance 25%
  • Blood Product 25%

• A Systematic Literature Review for Investigating DevOps Metrics to Implement in Software Development Organizations

  Kumar, A., Nadeem, M. & Shameem, M., 2024, (Accepted/In press) In: Journal of software: Evolution and Process.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Software Development 100%
  • Development Organization 100%
  • DevOps 100%
  • Research Community 7%
  • Collaborative Software Development 7%

• A Systematic Literature Review on AI-Based Methods and Challenges in Detecting Zero-Day Attacks

  Yee Por, L., Dai, Z., Juan Leem, S., Chen, Y., Yang, J., Binbeshr, F., Yuen Phan, K. & Soon Ku, C., 2024, In: IEEE Access. 12, p. 144150-144163 14 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Zero-Day Attack 100%
  • Artificial Intelligence 100%
  • Research Direction 25%
  • Cybersecurity 25%
  • Real-Time Application 25%

• A Systematic Literature Review on Vulnerabilities, Mitigation Techniques, and Attacks in Field-Programmable Gate Arrays

  Alsuwaiyan, A., Habib, A. A., Imoukhuede, A. B., Omar, M. O., Maruf, M. A., Alqarni, M., El-Maleh, A., Tabbakh, A., Felemban, M. & Azim, A., 2024, (Accepted/In press) In: Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

  • Field Programmable Gate Arrays 100%
  • Research Direction 20%
  • Machine Learning Technique 20%
  • Threat Model 20%
  • Mitigation Strategy 20%

• Augmented Lagrangian Method for Linear Programming Using Smooth Approximation

  Moosaei, H., Ketabchi, S., Syed, M. N. & Bazikar, F., 2024, Dynamics of Information Systems - 6th International Conference, DIS 2023, Revised Selected Papers. Moosaei, H., Hladík, M. & Pardalos, P. M. (eds.). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, p. 186-193 8 p. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics); vol. 14321 LNCS).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

  • Lagrangian 100%
  • Smooth approximation 100%
  • Newton's Method 100%
  • Computational 50%
  • Objective Function 50%

• Automated detection of class diagram smells using self-supervised learning

  Alazba, A., Aljamaan, H. & Alshayeb, M., May 2024, In: Automated Software Engineering. 31, 1, 29.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Spaghetti Code 100%
  1 Scopus citations

• Automating Security Incident Response in SCADA Systems through SIEM-ML Integration

  Al-Dahasi, E. & Khan, F. A., 2024, ICAC 2024 - 29th International Conference on Automation and Computing. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., (ICAC 2024 - 29th International Conference on Automation and Computing).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

  • Security Incident Response 100%
  • Incident Response 50%
  • Security Information and Event Management System 25%

• Bound and Resonance States of Singular Potentials Using the Lagrange-Laguerre mesh Method

  Al-Marzoug, S. M., Assi, I. & Bahlouli, H., May 2024, In: International Journal of Theoretical Physics. 63, 5, 136.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Lagrange 100%
  • Parameter Space 100%
  • Energy Spectra 100%
  • Bound State 100%
  • Numerical Approach 100%

• Broad learning: A GPU-free image-based malware classification

  Vasan, D., Hammoudeh, M. & Alazab, M., Mar 2024, In: Applied Soft Computing Journal. 154, 111401.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Malware 100%
  • Window Malware 88%
  • Accuracy 66%
  • Malware Sample 33%
  • Deep Learning 33%

• Build–Launch–Consolidate Framework and Toolkit for Impact Analysis on Wireless Sensor Networks

  Alghofaili, R., Albinali, H. & Azzedin, F., Feb 2024, In: Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks. 13, 1, 17.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Experiments 100%
  • Metrics 100%
  • Wireless Sensor Network 100%
  • Internet of Things 100%
  • Impact Analysis 100%
  1 Scopus citations

• Challenges in Developing Secure Software within Agile Environments

  Alshareef, R., Alshabeeb, E., Alakkas, N. & Niazi, M., 18 Jun 2024, Proceedings of 2024 28th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering, EASE 2024. Association for Computing Machinery, p. 652-661 10 p. (ACM International Conference Proceeding Series).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

  • Agile Principle 100%

• Characteristic Times for Gap Relaxation and Heat Escape in Nanothin NbTi Superconducting Filaments: Thickness Dependence and Effect of Substrate

  Harrabi, K., Mekki, A. & Milošević, M. V., Oct 2024, In: Nanomaterials. 14, 19, 1585.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Sapphire 100%
  • Film Thickness 50%
  • Film 50%
  • Silicon Dioxide 50%

• CIDAR: Culturally Relevant Instruction Dataset For Arabic

  Alyafeai, Z., Almubarak, K., Ashraf, A., Alnuhait, D., Alshahrani, S., Abdulrahman, G. A. Q., Ahmed, G., Gawah, Q., Saleh, Z., Ghaleb, M., Ali, Y. & Al-Shaibani, M. S., 2024, 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2024 - Proceedings of the Conference. Ku, L.-W., Martins, A. & Srikumar, V. (eds.). Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), p. 12878-12901 24 p. (Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics).

  Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

  • English 100%

• Cloud-based provenance framework for duplicates identification and data quality enhancement

  Khan, F. A., 2024, (Accepted/In press) In: Expert Systems.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Federated Search 100%
  • Centralized Repository 100%

• Communication Efficiency and Non-Independent and Identically Distributed Data Challenge in Federated Learning: A Systematic Mapping Study

  Alotaibi, B., Khan, F. A. & Mahmood, S., Apr 2024, In: Applied Sciences (Switzerland). 14, 7, 2720.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Label Distribution 100%
  1 Scopus citations

• Complex outsourcing relationships management model

  Khan, G. M., Khan, S. U., Niazi, M., Ilyas, M., Humayun, M., Ahmad, A., Khan, J. A. & Mahmood, S., 2024, (Accepted/In press) In: Journal of software: Evolution and Process.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Relationship Management 100%
  • Global Software Development 23%
  • Outsourcing Contract 15%
  • Case Study 15%
  • Assessment Tool 7%

• Composition and electric field driven studies on modified NBT-based lead-free ceramics

  Samantaray, K. S., Maneesha, P., Saha, R., Harrabi, K., Mekki, A. & Sen, S., Feb 2024, In: Materials Science and Engineering B: Solid-State Materials for Advanced Technology. 300, 117140.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Lead-Free Ceramics 100%
  • Strain 100%
  • Permittivity 50%
  • Piezoelectricity 50%
  • Ceramics 50%
  2 Scopus citations

• Construction and deformations of Calabi–Yau 3-folds in codimension 4

  Mohsin, S., Nazir, S. & Qureshi, M. I., 1 Nov 2024, In: Journal of Algebra. 657, p. 773-803 31 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Codimension 100%
  • Projective Space 50%
  • Manifold 50%
  • Complete Intersection 25%

• Contrastive-based YOLOv7 for personal protective equipment detection

  Samma, H., Al-Azani, S., Luqman, H. & Alfarraj, M., Feb 2024, In: Neural Computing and Applications. 36, 5, p. 2445-2457 13 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Protective Equipment 100%
  4 Scopus citations

• Contribution of piezoelectric effect on piezo-phototronic coupling in ferroelectrics: A theory assisted experimental approach on NBT

  Samantaray, K. S., Kumar, S., Maneesha, P., Sasmal, D., Baral, S. C., Krupa, B. R. V., Dasgupta, A., Mekki, A., Harrabi, K. & Sen, S., 14 Nov 2024, In: The Journal of Chemical Physics. 161, 18, 184711.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Piezoelectricity 100%
  • Ferroelectric Material 100%
  • Nanofiber 100%
  • Photocatalysis 100%
  • Sol-Gel 66%